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Functions of the government's role in the circulation of commodities (1644-1840 years)

Government functions, that is, government action, that is, government policy and management of commodity circulation. 1644-1840 in the history of China's Qing Dynasty, the then central government and the government does not like the modern state as a clear flow of goods policy. This is just borrowing the government functions, policies and management of these modern terms, to explain the early Qing Dynasty in the commodity flow of the central government, or succession of the former on behalf of the Government; or continuity throughout the ages under the previous government decrees and regulations; or in practice for over specific problems occur, the proposed new decrees, regulations, the so-called policy. The local governments implement the central government decrees and regulations process, which is the so-called management. These policies and management, is a reflection of the early Qing Dynasty government functions in the role of commodity circulation. Chinese papers League finishing. The origin of a problem since the seventies, previous research on the commodity economy, successive governments have proposed that the implementation of the Han's historical data, and the Ming Dynasty, some of the information, to explain the early Qing Dynasty government's There are also some mention of the Qing Government to salt, tea and other goods limited monopoly; heavy taxes on the business exploitation; use of teeth-line suppression of businessmen; and light commercial speech. Only that individual scholars, Kangxi period the government's In terms of volume, the previous case studies, but also related subjects in the study when it comes to this issue in recent monograph on the dozen; papers near Bai Yupian. Far from these studies reflect the early Qing Dynasty circulation of goods provisions of the Central Government decree, regulations, and local governments to implement the historical reality. There is also a very interesting question. In the former treatise, almost no one does not believe that the country's commodity economy in the early Qing Dynasty, a dynasty than any prosperous developed, teams expand the business, commodity market flourished, reaching the peak of feudal society. At the same time, most scholars believe that the Qing government adopted a This leads to a contradiction: on the one hand is the government to curb commercial, business development; the other hand, growing prosperity and expanding the commercial business team. Function of Government in the early Qing Dynasty then play what role? Here ready on the basis of previous studies, through the commodity circulation of policy and management issues, analysis of government functions in the circulation of commodities in the role. Two government policy and management of commodity circulation 1, commodity circulation, transaction hardware environment. Smooth circulation of commodities as the hardware conditions must be guaranteed. These basic conditions include: roads, rivers, bridges and other transportation facilities, navigation, life saving, security and other security facilities, the market setting and so on. Before the Qing government, of road, river, bridge very seriously, to the early Qing Dynasty, the National Roads network has been basically formed. Roads are for the country's political, military, financial needs, from the central to the decree passed around, documents, official contacts, transport goods and to open up the road. Such roads to the capital as the center, leading to the provinces the provincial capital. (The modern equivalent of National Road) in the provinces have the Roads leading to the extension or pave the way for the government in the House also to pave the way to contact each county. We call these roads Crown Road. For the Government, the official way to maintain the smooth flow of course is a very important job. Junji first year from start to Jiaqing years, several decrees issued by the road maintenance, requiring local governments to rough roads, repairing bridges, roads, planting trees on both sides, the maintenance at any time after the rain, the trees when replanting time. If it is found all over the Fang Qiaoliang not solid, the road is not flat; or should build bridges where the bridge is not set, it is necessary for local officials were meeting at the situation. These decrees are documented in the legal text of the Qing Dynasty. Command repeated injunctions of the central government, local governments can follow. Yongzheng, Hubei Provincial Governor Wang Shijun way in the office and saw the road Jiangxi governor received a decree, limited maintenance men finished within two months. In some parts of Henan Province also provides the width of the road, some ten feet, some thirty feet, a number of willow trees planted on both sides. In addition, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Gansu, Hunan, Shaanxi and other provinces, or the new road opened; or opened a new channel; or newly built bridge. In almost all provinces have such things, that is, there is a decree under implementation, from the Governor, the majority of officials in the governor to the magistrate can be carried out, the central government decrees are implemented. The management of the river are more complex. In Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces of the river, sometimes blocking all types of boats, ships between the time too busy, the occurrence of capsize drowning incidents; sometimes criminals under the net fishing in the river, so that the vessel network in the wrong ship turn killed, net of people take advantage of looted; sometimes Shueiduei masonry in the river, closure Tsuishine, obstruction caused by boats sailing; sometimes in the river and built the roof and other buildings, dumping of debris, the river is not navigable narrow; also canal of transport and transport of grain bamboo rafts of vessels, to seize the river, causing the accident. Such things are generally caused by lack of management, so the central and local, which are provided for specific management, the effect of the implementation is quite obvious. Some say that Western governments have these policies and management, there is no such official duty in China is clearly not in line with historical facts. Traders along the river transport of goods, often encounter rapids reefs, Fengtao dangers, from time to time and other unfortunate events occur capsize; or transport process, man-made encounter thieves, nor rare. In order to protect the security of businessmen, the central government that set up throughout the lifeboats, patrol boats, navigation signs. So in Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shaanxi, Fujian, Shanxi, Gansu and other provinces are equipped with lifeboats, and to develop life-saving regulations. Qianlong, there is a name Dr. Xie Di herbs in Sichuan, after the Three Gorges, seeing the numerous river rescue boat. Hongze Lake in Jiangsu Province, the Government set up the pile of wood from the life-saving role. The central government ordered provincial, state, county inscribed river rapids in the list of old and new, and the two sides establish a mark. Chungju in Sichuan, along the south bank of the Yangtze River Cliff Choi, local officials ordered carved out Local Government in accordance with the central command, set up patrol around the ship, or between officers and soldiers patrol, escort to and from businessmen; or walk along with the merchant, merchant security guard. In Shandong, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Zhejiang have patrol boats that have been set up. In land area, Gansu, Zhili, Shandong, Henan and other local governments, to send armed escorts between the businessmen Battle Tour. Moving goods from one place to a place, or from the warehouse, the shop moved into the conveyance; otherwise moved from the conveyance in warehouses, shops; and convert between modes of transport are responsible for transport, move institutions and personnel. Roads on local government, towns, terminal set up facilities for the transfer of goods and services, history of such institutions, said: boat, car dealers, mules line, the husband and ferry lines. The responsibilities of such institutions, the central government has expressly provided, all over the constitution have to obey the specific regulations. Peasant war since the late Ming Dynasty, or the impact of natural disasters, many markets around the destruction. Qing Dynasty local governments have restored or rebuilt a number of trade markets. Such as the reign of Emperor Qianlong, there is a county in Hunan qianyang Pei Ho Street, merchants along the line stores, residents living along the river flat. When the river rise to flood shops, homes; or a case of fire, shops, housing spread away. Government decided to move the market, business, people hesitate to enlighten the magistrate made a lot of work, business, China finally agreed to move. Markets after the migration has changed the trading environment, said all the people of convenience. In addition, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi also have similar records. 2, commodity trading software environment. First, the market management. The central government of Qing Dynasty inherited the management of previous governments, on the provincial and municipal agencies and officials stationed in the town administration. In particular, developed a number of new towns, foreign population, assault, after another; mobile business increased, in the transaction, Hang, Meng, abductions, deception, tooth line business models and other economic disputes in arrears from the time; wealthy more, theft, robbery money and goods, layers, see stacks up, and so a significant increase in court cases, chaotic social order needs of governance. According to the provinces petitioned the central government, agencies and officials ordered the presence of management. Provinces are based around the situation, other than to population-based market, from foreign population, elected off the total, the field management of head-to-market. View from the historical records, such management is mainly to solve economic disputes, lawsuits and theft of life, of economic activity itself does not interfere. Various markets for the country, some existing problems in general, the central government devoted to the laws and regulations. Its main spirit is: the prohibition of any industry, any person to monopolize the market and prices, in operation rely on the power, gathered counterparts, dominate the market behavior. And were made against the officials, the Manchu nobility, Military Governors and their families, and legal provisions to punish people. The following few examples of government management. In the capital, Zhengyangmen Avenue on both sides, a thriving trade in the market, some vendors take the canopy cover housing, crowding the road, the formation of the road market. Some officials in the Government ordered the demolition of shops, clear the road. The Government believes that traders trade can not be banned, as long as the occupation of the road, so traveling between the line. Ordered the local officials on the street shop operators, vendors management, migration, removal of occupation of the road construction. Qianlong period, the county in Shanxi Qingyuan Xu ditch town events, is to control market price as criminal cases. Qingyuan County, four in rural market has been off and Chayuan Street, opened five turns. Gui took office three years of the Iraqi magistrate will be five in turn moved to the city in an open street market set up. Qingyuan county town has three blocks, West inconvenience to set water set; in the street is only wide-Zhang Yu, not suitable for design set; CD East wide, is the establishment of market places. The county's shops, dental line, residents have moved to five applications will market Street, after a few none of any magistrate for approval. The reason is the large Dong Zixi county in the street, who, in order to operate their own shops, not to move City. Twenty years later, business, people have moved to another city to apply to get the approval of the new magistrate Lin Lang. However, the magistrate Lin moved quickly to speak out against City. Caused by the opposition of many business people, people appeal to the province, Lin will lead the magistrate to arrest three men, and use of torture killing, resulting in major cases. Sent higher levels of government to deal with: Dong Zixi and others to control market price as criminal, Lin Lang dismissal. Market moved to the East, settled the case. Inside the situation without historical records, but the fact that Lin-lang change of attitude, it can be inferred Dongzi Xi, who bribes in power, in order to achieve the purpose of monopolizing the market. Guangdong Lingao County city of more than the main text of the city, rent received each year by the exploitation merchants. Kang Xi Shu Fan forty-three years the new arrival of the magistrate to hear a reflection of business, to donate his salary to buy their land, so that businessmen building trade. Market since flourished. Many counties have a similar situation, a large number of facts recorded in local chronicles. Weights and measures to combat the manufacture, trafficking in counterfeit goods, but also an important part of market management. In this regard, the Kangxi era compilation of weights and measures law, occurred later in the implementation of certain changes in the policy of uniform weights and measures in the country and not strictly enforced. But the central issue of the cloth silk cloth Method Used in many places have implemented. And localities have also unveiled a number of measures. Suzhou cloth industry flourished, so there is fake and shoddy goods and famous brand-name replacement and monopolizing the market, to pseudo-lifelike situation. Twice the local government erected a monument prohibited. The same thing also occurred in the county in Henan Bangladesh, after a few rectification of any magistrate, Mengbu was restored credibility. However, the fake and shoddy goods on the market; profiteers monopoly market price, is the management about several days, a relaxed and resurgence, it is difficult to fundamentally eliminate, therefore, the effect of the implementation of such policies can not be overestimated. Followed by the management on the tooth row, mentioned earlier ship, car dealers, the husband is also a line such as tooth row. Rows of teeth have been many previous studies, but these results can not reflect the policy of the Government of the tooth row with the management of the actual need to supplement. Tooth row to play the role of brokers in commodities trading is indispensable, the government must establish tooth row. Meanwhile, the government line on the market through the teeth to manage, but the line itself, there are many dental defects, such as the misappropriation of business, forced behalf attract, hire, extortion, looting, theft and other businessmen and goods, and therefore, the central administrations have to make tooth row institutionalized, and continue to regulate their behavior, such as the development of teeth-line security responsibilities, local governance, there are many examples of tooth row. Line system is not perfect teeth, defects can not be completely governance. 3, the provisions of specific commodities of these commodities are mainly iron, horses,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], timber and grain. Iron is to create production tools and equipment essential raw materials of life, but also the materials manufacturing arsenals, the government has all the provisions of the flow of iron, banning the export; banned from using iron to make weapons. But for civil daily use of iron, then take a more lenient policy that allows private distribution, sale, and provides management approach. Ma was an important military supplies, but also private transport. The early Qing Dynasty folk against the horse trading and farming, to the interim can not help out. Timber harvesting and marketing, but there are provisions in the north of the farm, which has a certain relationship between the Government of wood. In non-forest areas, and basically does not control the south. Food commodities, the free flow of government policy to ban all over to local interests and hinder distribution, and crack down on hoarding and reselling. However, during the ban on maritime trade, the coast is also prohibited in parts of the grain circulation. 4, on the merchant's policies. The Government to formulate policies to protect merchants, such as the aforementioned rescue, guard facilities, but also established the legal provisions. Such as merchant killed, robbed the ship against the property, and violators punished according to law. Ban officials, military and grassroots government assessed, blackmail businessmen murdered businessman named parameters can be played. Emperor Kangxi, governor of Hubei Province Zhang plunder wealth of the people were dismissed. There are a result of other magistrates and other officials were dismissed. The local government set up stone, is strictly prohibited on the shop operators officials assessed that these inscriptions are legally effective. The Government also stipulates that non-domiciled businessmen to do business with business membership, you can participate in the off-site examinations. And the wide open style of contributing money, the rich merchant class, so traders gain office by contributing money, fame the most, is the direct beneficiaries. 5, coastal transportation policy and management. Ban on maritime trade policy is more the subject of previous studies, but mainly in terms of both means of foreign trade. Generally believed that the ban on maritime trade is prohibited for all coastal areas, in fact, did not implement the Boycott northeast coast, north coast earlier lifted the ban on maritime trade, just south of the coastal open late. Open, the government provides a number of laws and regulations, such as to the merchant license; merchant tax law; Funabe collect customs instruments; business tax is satisfied that the goods and so on. The administration, easy to operate, the general Funabe, merchants can comply. But there are some unreasonable regulations, such as restrictions on the length of the ship, load, the number of people. In management, the person does not match the offense Zhao, local officials generally take the default approach Funabe, merchants reflect a lower degree of regulatory enforcement, more relaxed. 6, national trade. Government attaches great importance to national trade issues, has developed procedures for business access to minority areas, to obtain a license, registration details of the name, origin, quantity of goods, persons, trade places and so on, came back to check. Also includes the minority businessmen to deal outside of the nation. Second, the provisions of transaction time and place. Han Chinese businessmen in the nation against living in the district to stay more than one year, get married and establish production; against minority businessmen and foreign trade. Commodity trading in minority areas to protect the supporting policies, such as no tax mouth, teeth do not set the line to prohibit trading of Chinese business in the national monopoly.