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White says this tool could provide insight into how mutated genes cause diseases ranging from Alzheimer’s disease to inflammatory bowel disease.
Zebra fish are genetically similar to humans and good models for human diseases like cancer.
Zebra fish embryos are transparent, enabling researchers to study disease in live organisms. But after about 4-5 weeks old, the adult fish are opaque.
Fluorescent Melanoma Tumor
Zebrafish have three pigments in their skin—reflective, black, and yellow.
Viewing the fish under a microscope, he saw the cancer cells begin to spread within five days.
Creating a Transparent Fish
He mated a breed that lacks reflective pigment with one that lacks black pigment.
The development of Casper is described in the February 7 issue of Cell Stem Cell,
Human diseases are generally studied in animals by giving the animal the disease, then killing and dissecting it to discover what the disease did.
White created the transparent fish by mating two existing zebrafish breeds.
Fluorescent Green Blood
The useful zebra fish has undergone another makeover by scientists in the name of medical research – fluorescent green blood vessels.
Casper’s brain [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], heart, and digestive tract are visible, allowing researchers to study genetic defects of these organs from early embryonic development through adulthood.
The transparent fish may also answer questions about how stem cell transplants work.
‘Casper’ was created by Dr Richard White, a clinical fellow in the Stem Cell Program at Boston Children’s, with others in the laboratory of Dr Leonard Zon.
Drugs and genes could be tested in the living fish, with direct observation of results.
Transplants of blood-forming stem cells help cancer patients rebuild healthy blood, but some transplants don’t ‘take’, for reasons that are unknown.
By studying how the stem cells embed and build blood in the fish, scientists can look for ways to help patients rebuild their blood faster.
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He even saw individual cells metastasize, something that has not been observed so readily and in real-time, in a living organism.
“It’s like taking a photograph when you need a video.”
The spreading melanoma cells appeared to ‘home’ on to the skin after leaving the abdominal cavity.
But in cancer and other fast-changing processes, this method is bound to miss something [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], White says
The Children's Hospital Boston is home to the world's largest research enterprise based at a pediatric medical center, with more than 500 scientists,
The offspring had only yellow pigment in their skin [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], essentially looking clear. White named the new breed ‘Casper.’
However, it is difficult for researchers to view the effects of interventions or medications without having to kill and dissect the animal.
Stem Cell Transplants
The genetically modified zebra fish are assisting Indiana State Univer
White’s first experiment with Casper involved creating a fluorescent melanoma tumor in the transparent fish’s abdominal cavity.
“This told us that when tumor cells spread to other parts in the body, they don’t do it randomly,” says White. “They know where to go.”
By creating a fish that is transparent throughout its lifetime, researchers can directly view its internal organs and observe disease processes like tumor growth or the grafting of bone-marrow transplants.