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There still is a lack of scientific evidence about whether smoking in multiunit housing accounts for the presence of tobacco-smoke biomarkers in children who live in a home with no adult smokers. In the current study, we used data from the 2001–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine the association between types of housing and cotinine levels in children.
We hypothesized that children who live in apartments have a higher cotinine level than children who live in detached homes and that this relationship persists when controlling for poverty and race/ethnicity. The majority of US children who live in homes where no one smokes inside have biochemical evidence of tobaccosmoke exposure, and cotinine levels are significantly higher in children who live in apartments, compared with those who live in detached houses.
Although it is likely that some of this excess exposure is from family members who smoke only outside of the home but carry in tobacco residue on their clothes, this is unlikely to explain all of the discrepancy. In addition, our data are consistent with the findings from Kraev et al, which showed that 89% of low-income apartments with no smokers had detectable air nicotine concentrations.
Anne Edwards,2011 USA version marlboro cigarettes wholesaler, director external communications,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], Philip Morris International, said, “To date every country that has considered plain packaging has rejected it due to lack of evidence and associated [intellectual property] issues. Even in Australia … the government’s own intellectual property body, IP Australia, recently advised … that plain packaging ‘may not be consistent with Australia’s intellectual property treaty obligations’ and ‘would make it easier for counterfeit goods to be produced and would make it difficult to readily identify these counterfeit goods.’”
The counterfeit issue was also raised by Mr. Buxbaum, who claimed that 10% of all trade in Europe is in counterfeit goods. Illicit cigarettes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], he said, deny significant revenues to European governments, most of which claim 50% of the sale price in tax, and — according to the IAA letter — “come with no guarantee about the ingredients and product safety.”
However, Action on Smoking and Health,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a campaigning public-health charity in the U.K., said it has heard all these arguments before. Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure causes death and disease in both nonsmoking adults and children, including cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. SHS exposure causes an estimated 46,000 heart disease deaths and 3,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],400 lung cancer deaths among U.S. nonsmoking adults annually. Adopting policies that completely eliminate smoking in all indoor areas is the only effective way to eliminate involuntary SHS exposure.
In 2009, an estimated 696 million aircraft passenger boardings occurred in the United States. A 2002 survey of airport smoking policies found that 42% of 31 large-hub U.S. airports had policies requiring all indoor areas to be smoke-free. To update that finding, CDC analyzed the smoking policies of airports categorized as large-hub in 2010. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which found that, although 22 (76%) of the 29 large-hub airports surveyed were smoke-free indoors, seven airports permitted smoking in certain indoor locations,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], including three of the five busiest airports.
Although a majority of airports reported having specifically designated smoking areas outdoors in 2010 (79%) and/or prohibiting smoking within a minimum distance of entryways (69%),[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], no airport completely prohibited smoking on all airport property. Smoke-free policies at the state, local, or airport authority level are needed for all airports to protect air travelers and workers at airports from SHS.