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While most types of regulation attack volumes – which can be countered through price rises–plain packaging would effect mix,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], as without any branding,marlboro cigarettes supplier,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], premium cigarettes would have little appeal. Premium cigarette brands can sell for about GBP6 in the U.K., while a value pack can sell for almost GBP2 less. With about 80% of both these amounts being paid in tax,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the difference in the amount a cigarette company receives from each sale is considerable.
If such a proposal were adopted worldwide it could effectively commoditize tobacco. The report said that a number of studies published recently had suggested tobacco packaging stimulated tobacco use, rather than simply promoting a particular brand. The department said packaging was still the “silent salesman” for tobacco brands. Tobacco smoke can be categorized both as a noxious odor and a toxic chemical. In addition,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], there is a strong probability that exposure may result in physical harm, particularly for children with underlying illnesses such as asthma.
A recent analysis addressing smoke-free public housing argued that phasing in such a policy as new leases were signed and existing ones renewed would be justified on legal and social justice grounds. The association between living in an apartment and child cotinine levels provides additional support to this exposure-reduction strategy. Smoke-free policies should recognize that tobacco smoke drifts and can be measured in high quantities more than 20 feet from an outdoor source.
Because restriction inside apartments may encourage increased smoking in common areas where exposure to nonsmokers still may occur, these policies should include smoking restrictions for balconies, common porch areas, and entrances. Our overall prevalence of children exposed to tobacco smoke is significantly higher than that reported in the 2006 Surgeon General’s report. This difference is most likely because the NHANES now uses high-sensitivity cotinine testing that allows the detection of low levels of smoke exposure.
Identifying those at risk for these low levels of exposure is important because there is increasing evidence that even small or brief exposure to tobacco smoke can cause physiologically significant cardiovascular effects. Lowlevel exposure to tobacco smoke also has been associated with lower scores on cognitive testing.
Although there was a significant association between living in an apartment and cotinine levels for white and black children, this was not the case for those of Hispanic ethnicity or other races. Overall, Hispanic and Asian adults have much lower smoking rates (13.3% and 9.6%,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], respectively) than black (19.8%) or white (21.4%) adults.
This difference particularly is striking for women (8.3% of Hispanic and 4.0% of Asian women smoke compared with 15.8% of black women and 19.8% of white women). Because Hispanic and Asian immigrants are more likely to be found in high-density ethnic enclaves where multiunit housing is common,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], it is possible that the lower smoking prevalence among some ethnic groups reduces the overall tobacco-smoke burden in some multiunit housing.