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as an intermediary. The Shariah was thus an attempt to re- build society on criteria that were entirely different from those of the court. It aimed to build a counter-culture and a 62 . Karen Armstrong protest movement that wouldbefore longbring it into con- flict with the caliphate. By the end of the reign of Harun al-Rashidit was clear that the caliphate had passed its peak. No single government could control such vast territory indefinitelybefore the ad- vent of modern communications and modern means of coer- cion. Some of the peripheral provincessuch as Spain (where an escaping Umayyad had set up a rival dynasty in 756) were beginning to break away. The economy was in decline. Harun al-Rashid had tried to solve the problem by dividing the em- pire bet lv salesween his two sonsbut this only resulted in a civil war (809-1 3) between the brothers after his death. It was a mark of the secular spirit of the court at this date that unlike the fitnah wars of the pastthere was no ideological or religious motiva- tion in this strugglewhich was simply a clash of personal am- bition. When al-Mamun emerged as the victor and began his reign (813-33)it was clear that there were two myilai: nike high heels louis vuitton outlet http://www.khmerpyroo.com/forumming/index.php?topic=147868.msg376087#msg376087 |
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