www.public4you.fora.pl

90nike5657fv

Reform of the pension system of diverse ideas

population aging, Because of its economic and social development, but also on life issues including older persons, which the world attaches great importance to aging, making the pension Insurance in the possession of the entire social security status in more important. Although China has not yet entered the aging society, but the fast aging of the population is expected to 2000, China's population aged over 60 will account for 10.6% of the population over 65 will account for population 7.5% of the population, population aging problems will become increasingly prominent. At the same time, China's aging population is in the economic situation has developed ahead of the arrival, that is, in our economy has not reduced the gap with the world advanced level, when the degree of population aging in developed countries the ratio is close to . Demographic changes to social security has brought many new challenges, will also give our economy, bring some negative effects on society. Thus, according to the characteristics of the aging of our population as soon as possible to seek practical measures, for promoting China's modernization and economic development, has important theoretical and practical significance. This paper from the choice of financing old-age security, pension security management and use of reserve funds and pension insurance and other aspects of the issuance and distribution to explore how to improve our pension system. First, the basic old-age security model and its financing options general, to raise old-age security fund has a the loss of financial assurance can not be sustained. On the principle of balance, short-term and long-term from the perspective of two different time to understand: First, Second, the Pension on the current international security funds raised in three modes: (1) a pay type of financing. It is based on a period of time (usually 1 year) the principle of balance of payments financing, the current old-age security income is only used to meet current expenditure needs. The Government then imposed on active employees insurance, old-age security to pay for expenses that year, not to provide reserve funds for future periods. Most Western countries use a cash method of financing for the old-age security, pension insurance payment of this stage are mainly raised in this way. (2) complete with the accumulation of financing. It is based on old-age pension before the self in the accumulation of pension funds, according to the principle of balancing a long time to determine the total revenue and expenditure rates, that is, old-age security in forecasting future periods is determined based on expenditure needs can be guaranteed a pension income and expenditure during the period The total average balance of the accumulation rate for a way to advance. The Singapore Central Provident Fund system is represented by the accumulation of this type fully, the contract of the current old-age insurance scheme established by and large have adopted this approach. (3) of the accumulation of type of financing. It is based on the phased balance (to support fixed income, a slight balance) principle to determine rates, that meet certain period (usually 5 - 10 years) under the premise of spending needs, leaving a certain degree of reserve fund . This part of the reserve fund should be a variable,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], before the arrival of the peak of population aging is the accumulation of reserve funds; after the arrival of the aging peak, then enter the reserve fund of the consumption period; when the contradiction between supply and demand eased pension when re-entering the reserve fund of the accumulation period. The biggest advantage of this approach are: compatible with the strengths of the first two methods, with a certain degree of flexibility to adjust rates in phases, in the relatively stable rates, the Reserve Fund for the subsequent period both the needs of pension expenditure to prepare for , but also in the process of accumulation of long-term investment for economic development. Reform from the national trend, the method of financing old-age security can only be from cash pay-to part with the accumulation of Transition again fully funded, fully funded type with a simple replace the current pay-as-type is difficult to achieve. Because in the transition period, serving officers in addition to payment of pensions for the elderly than the previous generation, but also for their future accumulation of pension, this double burden to pay those embarrassing burden. From China's specific situation,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], if it continues to take a pay type of funding, despite the current extraction rate (pension premiums accounted for the ratio of total wages) in 18%, but as the population aging and retirees increases, this proportion will increase year by year 2025 may exceed 30% in 2050 to more than 50%. If used fully with the accumulation, the extraction rate to improve the start up to 50%, because in this way, not only for the elderly retired pay, but also for future payments to retired service personnel. This high level of extraction will last 20 years, and then gradually reduced to 15%. In this way the extraction rate and pay as you just type the contrary. Clearly, both the short term, or long term, these two methods are the state and enterprises can not accept. Seen in this light, some with the accumulation will be China's current stage of financing old-age security wise choice. Taking into account the aging of our population trends and the future has been in place since the founding of 40 years the actual situation of the pension system of the future financing of the old-age security can only be taken by the social pooling and individual accounts part of a combination of with the accumulation. As noted above, part of the accumulation of a cash-and full integration with the accumulation of two ways, one of the pensions of retired personnel have continued to implement a pay type of financing, on the other workers on the job to establish a certain proportion of the accumulation fund, for the tide to prepare for the aging peak. Part of the accumulation of type two ways: one is part of the accumulation of social pooling method, the implementation of This approach is easy with a cash integrated approach to social convergence. Smooth ride, but the peak of the retirement of aging is difficult to predict. The other is the social pooling and individual accounts part of a combination of the accumulation mode, the unit most of the premiums paid into the social co-ordinate transfers, payment of the costs of retired staff and workers of all individuals and organizations to pay part of the premium charged to pay personal account. Accumulation rate can be controlled at the beginning of about 3% of total wages. Currently the burden of enterprises and institutions can also be lesser depending on the circumstances appropriate to raise the accumulation rate. This way we can with the economic development level, gradually increase the rate of accumulation, smooth transition to an aging population and retirees during the peak period. Extraction rate to maintain and eventually stabilized at about 25%. Establishment of personal accounts pension funds, facilitate the identification of incentives and monitoring mechanisms. Social pooling and individual accounts as the way, drawing on fully funded individual retirement accounts and pay as you co-ordinate system the advantages of both, to prevent problems that may arise between the two. Of course, to take part with the accumulation of approach requires the accumulation of funds for scientific management and the safe and effective operation, to maximize the benefits of accumulated funds, hedge funds and value realization. II Pension Reserve Fund management and use of (a) of the Pension Reserve Fund Investment's international inspection. Pension insurance institution will guarantee the payment of fees required under the premise of the retirement obligation to be temporarily accumulated balances and investment in Pension Reserve Fund, economic activities, to play a role in economic development to maintain or exceed its actual monetary value of the original. Pension Reserve Fund as an investment not only to ensure that the Fund's own value, but also help promote economic development, to ensure the healthy development of old-age security system and safeguard the interests of the elderly, must attach great importance to the Fund's investment management. States Pension Reserve Fund's investment can generally be divided into the following categories: (1) purchase of government securities issued by a price ,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], such as treasury bills issued by the State, special treasury bonds, the state economic development bonds. It is the high interest on bonds by getting Pension Reserve Fund to achieve the preservation and appreciation. This investment has a very strong safety and effectiveness of old-age security is the most common reserve fund investment, a project selected countries in the world, especially developed countries, almost all of Pension Reserve Fund to invest in government bonds. Some countries have also clearly defined by legislation Pension funds can only be used for such investment. (2) purchase of shares and bonds. It is the pension fund management institutions, will be part of the Pension Reserve Fund by buying stocks and bonds issued by the company, to invest in the purchase of the company, access to certain investment income. Speculative nature of stock investment, the risk is big, strong liquidity, high yield characteristics. Bonds has agreed to repay the principal, be free to sell or transfer, promises to pay interest, interest rates are low, the risk is not so. (3) commissioned investment. It is the Pension Reserve Fund loan capital into the business, such as commissioned the Central Bank, National Investment Trust Company. Pension fund management institutions charge a fixed interest rate through the Pension Reserve Fund for the preservation and appreciation. This investment is the investment risk characteristics, interest is high and relatively stable, the payback period and strong flexibility, high degree of fund business. (4) purchase real estate. It is the Pension Reserve Fund for the purchase of real estate, real estate, through the rental or sale proceeds of sale to obtain investment. Real estate investment is a long payback period, capital demand, the investment risks of the investment, subject to national policy impact, technical requirements, we have to do preliminary work to prepare long-term investment. So most of the country love to Pension Reserve Fund for the purchase of real estate are relatively low proportion,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], only the individual countries of Latin America in order to avoid high inflation rate on the pension reserve fund of the adverse effects of protection, it will be half the Pension Reserve Fund so for the purchase of real estate. (5) Cash and bank deposits. To save the cash and bank deposits in the form of national pensions reserve fund is not a lot, because low interest rates on bank deposits, and sometimes can not keep up the level of price increases, which emerged Pension Reserve Fund in the number of preservation and appreciation, the actual on the devaluation of the phenomenon. In addition, strictly speaking, bank deposits can not be considered a real investment Pension Reserve Fund can only be said to be negative Pension Reserve Fund preservation approach. But the use of bank deposits, we can greatly reduce the pensions reserve fund daily operation and management organization, operational risk is almost non-existent, relatively speaking, is the most secure. As noted above, the country's social systems and different levels of economic development, protect the national pension reserve fund to invest not entirely consistent. However, to ensure that pensions reserve fund continues to add value to the Pension Reserve Fund for the development of national economy, it is the national pensions reserve fund investment for the common purpose. Pension Reserve Fund is the basic principle of investment security and profitability, that is, preserving the value of old-age security reserve fund used for the primary objective of investment, on this basis for value-added, avoiding the risk-based investments, may take the decentralized, diversified investment strategy, including the orientation of investment diversification and diversification of the investment period, but mainly to indirect investment (eg purchase of government bonds, financial bonds and other securities), direct investment, supplemented (such as direct or equity investment to set up the mining, industrial shops, etc.). In short, to ensure the timely payment of pension costs under the premise that the Pension Reserve Fund should be fully utilized. (B) of the Pension Reserve Fund of the management and use of specific to China's actual situation, at this stage, China's Pension Reserve Fund's investment should not bank deposits and government bonds as The only investment, but to broaden the Pension Reserve Fund's investment channels. To achieve the Fund increase the value of the securities portfolio must be taken to approach the Pension Reserve Fund to invest in different proportions according to bank deposits, treasury bills, stocks, corporate bonds, warrants and other funds in order to obtain the best return on investment. When conditions are ripe to develop a portfolio to direct investment, which of course requires a process and the necessary conditions. Pension Reserve Fund, the feasibility of effective investment operations depends on three conditions: First, whether the social insurance agencies and investment management, investment decision-making capacity; the second is the stability of macro-economic situation and the existence of investment opportunities; third is whether the economy to interest rate, term, type the corresponding financial market, financial instruments. The first condition has now been manifested in the central and local fund management institutions has been set up to form a management team of more than 4 million, some areas have conducted fund investment in testing, and achieved positive results. Actuarial deficiency is the lack of personnel and authoritative think-tank. The second condition has also been more fully, especially in domestic economic construction and the huge funding gap in the Fund's investment operations in the objective to provide favorable conditions. The third condition is still being met, the continuous development of sound domestic financial markets provide a venue for fund investment and conditions. In addition, the structure of pension reserve fund to protect the analysis, but also have the combination of the initial investment and operation conditions. China's old-age security reserve fund is used Therefore, the structure can be divided into three levels: the part of highly mobile, less than three months for payment of pension insurance, known as the first payment of the reserve; a considerable part of liquidity, with payment of more than three months, one year of pension insurance, known as the second payment of the reserve; has a long-term can be used as part of reserves and investments, used to meet the upcoming aging society to pay gold, known as the first Three payment reserve. This can be used for long-term investment reserves to pay for only the third gold. This part of the Pension Reserve Fund is the key to increasing the value of the Fund. This is because the benefits of investment in this part of the decision of the Pension Reserve Fund investment returns, and the long term, high rate of return. Therefore, you can choose to key national projects, long-term treasury bonds, financial bonds and notes, shares, investment funds, long-term bonds, real estate and other fields in the running. But must follow the Pension Reserve Fund in order to ensure the preservation and appreciation, the state Pension Reserve Investment strengthen the management is very important. Mainly: (1) of the Pension Reserve Fund's investment to develop the appropriate regulations and policies to guide, to ensure the country's macroeconomic regulation and control. Its content includes: pensions provisions of the investment reserve fund; provides a variety of investments in the amount of funding constraints, the total investment of various investment channels to restrict the proportion of funds; coordinate the use of old-age security and the State Reserve Fund Credit the relationship between the use of funds. (2) the functions of government departments through the management and supervision. Such as economic planning departments Pension Reserve Fund could provide guidance on investment plans and proposals to make the play a greater social and economic benefits; audit , the banking sector can be checked regularly or irregularly investment operating conditions, to protect the pensions reserve fund use of the safety, profitability, social, and legality be achieved.
More articles related to topics：

MBT footwear Summary

mbt shoes sale Anaesthetic Gas Scavenging System_4

Tory Burch outlet Current Issue of Municipal Bonds